Shortest Job First (SJF): Preemptive, Non-Preemptive Example

There are basically two types of SJF methods:

• Non-Preemptive SJF
• Preemptive SJF

Characteristics of SJF Scheduling

• It is associated with each job as a unit of time to complete.
• This algorithm method is helpful for batch-type processing, where waiting for jobs to complete is not critical.
• It can improve process throughput by making sure that shorter jobs are executed first, hence possibly have a short turnaround time.
• It improves job output by offering shorter jobs, which should be executed first, which mostly have a shorter turnaround time.

Non-Preemptive SJF

In non-preemptive scheduling, once the CPU cycle is allocated to process, the process holds it till it reaches a waiting state or terminated.

Consider the following five processes each having its own unique burst time and arrival time.

Process Queue	Burst time	Arrival time
P1	6	2
P2	2	5
P3	8	1
P4	3	0
P5	4	4

Step 0) At time=0, P4 arrives and starts execution.

Step 1) At time= 1, Process P3 arrives. But, P4 still needs 2 execution units to complete. It will continue execution.

Step 2) At time =2, process P1 arrives and is added to the waiting queue. P4 will continue execution.

Step 3) At time = 3, process P4 will finish its execution. The burst time of P3 and P1 is compared. Process P1 is executed because its burst time is less compared to P3.

Step 4) At time = 4, process P5 arrives and is added to the waiting queue. P1 will continue execution.

Step 5) At time = 5, process P2 arrives and is added to the waiting queue. P1 will continue execution.

Step 6) At time = 9, process P1 will finish its execution. The burst time of P3, P5, and P2 is compared. Process P2 is executed because its burst time is the lowest.

Step 7) At time=10, P2 is executing and P3 and P5 are in the waiting queue.

Step 8) At time = 11, process P2 will finish its execution. The burst time of P3 and P5 is compared. Process P5 is executed because its burst time is lower.

Step 9) At time = 15, process P5 will finish its execution.

Step 10) At time = 23, process P3 will finish its execution.

Step 11) Let’s calculate the average waiting time for above example.

Wait time 
P4= 0-0=0
P1=  3-2=1
P2= 9-5=4
P5= 11-4=7
P3= 15-1=14

Average Waiting Time= 0+1+4+7+14/5 = 26/5 = 5.2

Preemptive SJF

In Preemptive SJF Scheduling, jobs are put into the ready queue as they come. A process with shortest burst time begins execution. If a process with even a shorter burst time arrives, the current process is removed or preempted from execution, and the shorter job is allocated CPU cycle.

Consider the following five process:

Process Queue	Burst time	Arrival time
P1	6	2
P2	2	5
P3	8	1
P4	3	0
P5	4	4

Step 0) At time=0, P4 arrives and starts execution.

Process Queue	Burst time	Arrival time
P1	6	2
P2	2	5
P3	8	1
P4	3	0
P5	4	4

Step 1) At time= 1, Process P3 arrives. But, P4 has a shorter burst time. It will continue execution.

Step 2) At time = 2, process P1 arrives with burst time = 6. The burst time is more than that of P4. Hence, P4 will continue execution.

Step 3) At time = 3, process P4 will finish its execution. The burst time of P3 and P1 is compared. Process P1 is executed because its burst time is lower.

Step 4) At time = 4, process P5 will arrive. The burst time of P3, P5, and P1 is compared. Process P5 is executed because its burst time is lowest. Process P1 is preempted.

Process Queue	Burst time	Arrival time
P1	5 out of 6 is remaining	2
P2	2	5
P3	8	1
P4	3	0
P5	4	4

Step 5) At time = 5, process P2 will arrive. The burst time of P1, P2, P3, and P5 is compared. Process P2 is executed because its burst time is least. Process P5 is preempted.

Process Queue	Burst time	Arrival time
P1	5 out of 6 is remaining	2
P2	2	5
P3	8	1
P4	3	0
P5	3 out of 4 is remaining	4

Step 6) At time =6, P2 is executing.

Step 7) At time =7, P2 finishes its execution. The burst time of P1, P3, and P5 is compared. Process P5 is executed because its burst time is lesser.

Process Queue	Burst time	Arrival time
P1	5 out of 6 is remaining	2
P2	2	5
P3	8	1
P4	3	0
P5	3 out of 4 is remaining	4

Step 8) At time =10, P5 will finish its execution. The burst time of P1 and P3 is compared. Process P1 is executed because its burst time is less.

Step 9) At time =15, P1 finishes its execution. P3 is the only process left. It will start execution.

Step 10) At time =23, P3 finishes its execution.

Step 11) Let’s calculate the average waiting time for above example.

Wait time 
P4= 0-0=0
P1=  (3-2) + 6 =7
P2= 5-5 = 0
P5= 4-4+2 =2
P3= 15-1 = 14

Average Waiting Time = 0+7+0+2+14/5 = 23/5 =4.6

Advantages of SJF

Here are the benefits/pros of using SJF method:

• SJF is frequently used for long term scheduling.
• It reduces the average waiting time over FIFO (First in First Out) algorithm.
• SJF method gives the lowest average waiting time for a specific set of processes.
• It is appropriate for the jobs running in batch, where run times are known in advance.
• For the batch system of long-term scheduling, a burst time estimate can be obtained from the job description.
• For Short-Term Scheduling, we need to predict the value of the next burst time.
• Probably optimal with regard to average turnaround time.

Disadvantages/Cons of SJF

Here are some drawbacks/cons of SJF algorithm:

• Job completion time must be known earlier, but it is hard to predict.
• It is often used in a batch system for long term scheduling.
• SJF can’t be implemented for CPU scheduling for the short term. It is because there is no specific method to predict the length of the upcoming CPU burst.
• This algorithm may cause very long turnaround times or starvation.
• Requires knowledge of how long a process or job will run.
• It leads to the starvation that does not reduce average turnaround time.
• It is hard to know the length of the upcoming CPU request.
• Elapsed time should be recorded, that results in more overhead on the processor.

Summary

• SJF is an algorithm in which the process having the smallest execution time is chosen for the next execution.
• SJF Scheduling is associated with each job as a unit of time to complete.
• This algorithm method is helpful for batch-type processing, where waiting for jobs to complete is not critical.
• There are basically two types of SJF methods 1) Non-Preemptive SJF and 2) Preemptive SJF.
• In non-preemptive scheduling, once the CPU cycle is allocated to process, the process holds it till it reaches a waiting state or terminated.
• In Preemptive SJF Scheduling, jobs are put into the ready queue as they come.
• Although a process with short burst time begins, the current process is removed or preempted from execution, and the job which is shorter is executed 1st.
• SJF is frequently used for long term scheduling.
• It reduces the average waiting time over FIFO (First in First Out) algorithm.
• In SJF scheduling, Job completion time must be known earlier, but it is hard to predict.
• SJF can’t be implemented for CPU scheduling for the short term. It is because there is no specific method to predict the length of the upcoming CPU burst.