HBase Architecture, Components, Data Model, and Use Cases

Details

Storage Mechanism in HBase

HBase is a column-oriented database and data is stored in tables. The tables are sorted by RowId. As shown below, HBase has RowId, which is the collection of several column families that are present in the table.

The column families that are present in the schema are key-value pairs. If we observe in detail each column family having multiple numbers of columns. The column values stored into disk memory. Each cell of the table has its own Metadata like timestamp and other information.

Storage Mechanism in HBase

Storage Mechanism in HBase

Coming to HBase the following are the key terms representing table schema

  • Table: Collection of rows present.
  • Row: Collection of column families.
  • Column Family: Collection of columns.
  • Column: Collection of key-value pairs.
  • Namespace: Logical grouping of tables.
  • Cell: A {row, column, version} tuple exactly specifies a cell definition in HBase.

In this tutorial- you will learn,

Column-oriented vs Row-oriented storages

Column and Row-oriented storages differ in their storage mechanism. As we all know traditional relational models store data in terms of row-based format like in terms of rows of data. Column-oriented storages store data tables in terms of columns and column families.

The following Table gives some key differences between these two storages

Column-oriented Database Row oriented Database
  • When the situation comes to process and analytics we use this approach. Such as Online Analytical Processing and it's applications.
  • Online Transactional process such as banking and finance domains use this approach.
  • The amount of data that can able to store in this model is very huge like in terms of petabytes
  • It is designed for a small number of rows and columns.

HBase Data Model

HBase Data Model is a set of components that consists of Tables, Rows, Column families, Cells, Columns, and Versions. HBase tables contain column families and rows with elements defined as Primary keys. A column in HBase data model table represents attributes to the objects.

HBase Data Model consists of following elements,

  • Set of tables
  • Each table with column families and rows
  • Each table must have an element defined as Primary Key.
  • Row key acts as a Primary key in HBase.
  • Any access to HBase tables uses this Primary Key
  • Each column present in HBase denotes attribute corresponding to object

HBase Architecture and its Important Components

Below is a detailed architrecutre of HBase with components:

HBase Architecture, Data Flow, and Use cases

HBase Architecture Diagram

HBase architecture consists mainly of four components

  • HMaster
  • HRegionserver
  • HRegions
  • Zookeeper
  • HDFS

HMaster:

HMaster in HBase is the implementation of a Master server in HBase architecture. It acts as a monitoring agent to monitor all Region Server instances present in the cluster and acts as an interface for all the metadata changes. In a distributed cluster environment, Master runs on NameNode. Master runs several background threads.

The following are important roles performed by HMaster in HBase.

  • Plays a vital role in terms of performance and maintaining nodes in the cluster.
  • HMaster provides admin performance and distributes services to different region servers.
  • HMaster assigns regions to region servers.
  • HMaster has the features like controlling load balancing and failover to handle the load over nodes present in the cluster.
  • When a client wants to change any schema and to change any Metadata operations, HMaster takes responsibility for these operations.

Some of the methods exposed by HMaster Interface are primarily Metadata oriented methods.

  • Table (createTable, removeTable, enable, disable)
  • ColumnFamily (add Column, modify Column)
  • Region (move, assign)

The client communicates in a bi-directional way with both HMaster and ZooKeeper. For read and write operations, it directly contacts with HRegion servers. HMaster assigns regions to region servers and in turn, check the health status of region servers.

In entire architecture, we have multiple region servers. Hlog present in region servers which are going to store all the log files.

HBase Regions Servers:

When HBase Region Server receives writes and read requests from the client, it assigns the request to a specific region, where the actual column family resides. However, the client can directly contact with HRegion servers, there is no need of HMaster mandatory permission to the client regarding communication with HRegion servers. The client requires HMaster help when operations related to metadata and schema changes are required.

HRegionServer is the Region Server implementation. It is responsible for serving and managing regions or data that is present in a distributed cluster. The region servers run on Data Nodes present in the Hadoop cluster.

HMaster can get into contact with multiple HRegion servers and performs the following functions.

  • Hosting and managing regions
  • Splitting regions automatically
  • Handling read and writes requests
  • Communicating with the client directly

HBase Regions:

HRegions are the basic building elements of HBase cluster that consists of the distribution of tables and are comprised of Column families. It contains multiple stores, one for each column family. It consists of mainly two components, which are Memstore and Hfile.

ZooKeeper:

HBase Zookeeper is a centralized monitoring server which maintains configuration information and provides distributed synchronization. Distributed synchronization is to access the distributed applications running across the cluster with the responsibility of providing coordination services between nodes. If the client wants to communicate with regions, the server's client has to approach ZooKeeper first.

It is an open source project, and it provides so many important services.

Services provided by ZooKeeper

  • Maintains Configuration information
  • Provides distributed synchronization
  • Client Communication establishment with region servers
  • Provides ephemeral nodes for which represent different region servers
  • Master servers usability of ephemeral nodes for discovering available servers in the cluster
  • To track server failure and network partitions

Master and HBase slave nodes ( region servers) registered themselves with ZooKeeper. The client needs access to ZK(zookeeper) quorum configuration to connect with master and region servers.

During a failure of nodes that present in HBase cluster, ZKquoram will trigger error messages, and it starts to repair the failed nodes.

HDFS:

HDFS is a Hadoop distributed file system, as the name implies it provides a distributed environment for the storage and it is a file system designed in a way to run on commodity hardware. It stores each file in multiple blocks and to maintain fault tolerance, the blocks are replicated across a Hadoop cluster.

HDFS provides a high degree of fault –tolerance and runs on cheap commodity hardware. By adding nodes to the cluster and performing processing & storing by using the cheap commodity hardware, it will give the client better results as compared to the existing one.

In here, the data stored in each block replicates into 3 nodes any in a case when any node goes down there will be no loss of data, it will have a proper backup recovery mechanism.

HDFS get in contact with the HBase components and stores a large amount of data in a distributed manner.

HBase Read and Write Data Explained

The Read and Write operations from Client into Hfile can be shown in below diagram.

HBase Architecture, Data Flow, and Use cases

Step 1) Client wants to write data and in turn first communicates with Regions server and then regions

Step 2) Regions contacting memstore for storing associated with the column family

Step 3) First data stores into Memstore, where the data is sorted and after that, it flushes into HFile. The main reason for using Memstore is to store data in a Distributed file system based on Row Key. Memstore will be placed in Region server main memory while HFiles are written into HDFS.

Step 4) Client wants to read data from Regions

Step 5) In turn Client can have direct access to Mem store, and it can request for data.

Step 6) Client approaches HFiles to get the data. The data are fetched and retrieved by the Client.

Memstore holds in-memory modifications to the store. The hierarchy of objects in HBase Regions is as shown from top to bottom in below table.

Table HBase table present in the HBase cluster
Region HRegions for the presented tables
Store It stores per ColumnFamily for each region for the table
Memstore
  • Memstore for each store for each region for the table
  • It sorts data before flushing into HFiles
  • Write and read performance will increase because of sorting
StoreFile StoreFiles for each store for each region for the table
Block Blocks present inside StoreFiles

HBase Use Cases

Following are examples of HBase use cases with a detailed explanation of the solution it provides to various technical problems

Problem Statement Solution
Telecom Industry faces following Technical challenges
  • Storing billions of CDR (Call detailed recording) log records generated by telecom domain
  • Providing real-time access to CDR logs and billing information of customers
  • Provide cost-effective solution comparing to traditional database systems
 HBase is used to store billions of rows of detailed call records. If 20TB of data is added per month to the existing RDBMS database, performance will deteriorate. To handle a large amount of data in this use case, HBase is the best solution. HBase performs fast querying and displays records.
The Banking industry generates millions of records on a daily basis. In addition to this, the banking industry also needs an analytics solution that can detect Fraud in money transactions To store, process and update vast volumes of data and performing analytics, an ideal solution is - HBase integrated with several Hadoop ecosystem components.

That apart, HBase can be used

  • Whenever there is a need to write heavy applications.
  • Performing online log analytics and to generate compliance reports.

HBase vs. HDFS

HBase runs on top of HDFS and Hadoop. Some key differences between HDFS and HBase are in terms of data operations and processing.

HBASE HDFS
Low latency operations High latency operations
Random reads and writes Write once Read many times
Accessed through shell commands, client API in Java, REST, Avro or Thrift Primarily accessed through MR (Map Reduce) jobs
Storage and process both can be perform It's only for storage areas

Some typical IT industrial applications use HBase operations along with Hadoop. Applications include stock exchange data, online banking data operations, and processing Hbase is best-suited solution method.

Summary

Hbase is one of NoSql column-oriented distributed database available in apache foundation. HBase gives more performance for retrieving fewer records rather than Hadoop or Hive. It's very easy to search for given any input value because it supports indexing, transactions, and updating.

We can perform online real-time analytics using Hbase integrated with Hadoop ecosystem. It has an automatic and configurable sharding for datasets or tables and provides restful API's to perform the MapReduce jobs.

 

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