What is the Group by Clause?
The GROUP BY clause is a SQL command that is used to group rows that have the same values.
The GROUP BY clause is used in the SELECT statement .Optionally it is used in conjunction with aggregate functions to produce summary reports from the database.
That's what it does, summarizing data from the database.
The queries that contain the GROUP BY clause are called grouped queries and only return a single row for every grouped item.
GROUP BY Syntax
Now that we know what the GROUP By clause is, let's look at the syntax for a basic group by query.
SELECT statements... GROUP BY column_name1[,column_name2,...] [HAVING condition];
HERE
- "SELECT statements..." is the standard SQL SELECT command query.
- "GROUP BY column_name1" is the clause that performs the grouping based on column_name1.
- "[,column_name2,...]" is optional; represents other column names when the grouping is done on more than one column.
- "[HAVING condition]" is optional; it is used to restrict the rows affected by the GROUP BY clause. It is similar to the WHERE clause.
Grouping using a Single Column
In order to help understand the effect of Group By clause, let's execute a simple query that returns all the gender entries from the members table.
SELECT `gender` FROM `members` ;
gender Female Female Male Female Male Male Male Male Male
Suppose we want to get the unique values for genders. We can use a following query -
SELECT `gender` FROM `members` GROUP BY `gender`;
Executing the above script in MySQL workbench against the Myflixdb gives us the following results.
gender Female Male
Note only two results have been returned. This is because we only have two gender types Male and Female. The GROUP BY clause grouped all the "Male" members together and returned only a single row for it. It did the same with the "Female" members.
Grouping using multiple columns
Suppose that we want to get a list of movie category_id and corresponding years in which they were released.
Let's observe the output of this simple query
SELECT `category_id`,`year_released` FROM `movies` ;
category_id year_released 1 2011 2 2008 NULL 2008 NULL 2010 8 2007 6 2007 6 2007 8 2005 NULL 2012 7 1920 8 NULL 8 1920
The above result has many duplicates.
Let's execute the same query using group by -
SELECT `category_id`,`year_released` FROM `movies` GROUP BY `category_id`,`year_released`;
Executing the above script in MySQL workbench against the myflixdb gives us the following results shown below.
category_id year_released NULL 2008 NULL 2010 NULL 2012 1 2011 2 2008 6 2007 7 1920 8 1920 8 2005 8 2007
The GROUP BY clause operates on both the category id and year released to identify unique rows in our above example.
If the category id is the same but the year released is different, then a row is treated as a unique one .If the category id and the year released is the same for more than one row, then it's considered a duplicate and only one row is shown.
Grouping and aggregate functions
Suppose we want total number of males and females in our database. We can use the following script shown below to do that.
SELECT `gender`,COUNT(`membership_number`) FROM `members` GROUP BY `gender`;
Executing the above script in MySQL workbench against the myflixdb gives us the following results.
gender COUNT('membership_number') Female 3 Male 5
The results shown below are grouped by every unique gender value posted and the number of grouped rows is counted using the COUNT aggregate function.
Restricting query results using the HAVING clause
It's not always that we will want to perform groupings on all the data in a given table. There will be times when we will want to restrict our results to a certain given criteria. In such cases , we can use the HAVING clause
Suppose we want to know all the release years for movie category id 8. We would use the following script to achieve our results.
SELECT * FROM `movies` GROUP BY `category_id`,`year_released` HAVING `category_id` = 8;
Executing the above script in MySQL workbench against the Myflixdb gives us the following results shown below.
movie_id title director year_released category_id 9 Honey mooners John Schultz 2005 8 5 Daddy's Little Girls NULL 2007 8
Note only movies with category id 8 have been affected by our GROUP BY clause.
Summary
- The GROUP BY Clause is used to group rows with same values .
- The GROUP BY Clause is used together with the SQL SELECT statement.
- The SELECT statement used in the GROUP BY clause can only be used contain column names, aggregate functions, constants and expressions.
- The HAVING clause is used to restrict the results returned by the GROUP BY clause.
