MongoDB Sharding: Step by Step Tutorial with Example

What is Sharding in MongoDB?

Sharding is a concept in MongoDB, which splits large data sets into small data sets across multiple MongoDB instances.

Sometimes the data within MongoDB will be so huge, that queries against such big data sets can cause a lot of CPU utilization on the server. To tackle this situation, MongoDB has a concept of Sharding, which is basically the splitting of data sets across multiple MongoDB instances.

The collection which could be large in size is actually split across multiple collections or Shards as they are called. Logically all the shards work as one collection.

How to Implement Sharding

Shards are implemented by using clusters which are nothing but a group of MongoDB instances.

The components of a Shard include

1. A Shard – This is the basic thing, and this is nothing but a MongoDB instance which holds the subset of the data. In production environments, all shards need to be part of replica sets.
2. Config server – This is a mongodb instance which holds metadata about the cluster, basically information about the various mongodb instances which will hold the shard data.
3. A Router – This is a mongodb instance which basically is responsible to re-directing the commands send by the client to the right servers.

Step by Step Sharding Cluster Example

Step 1) Create a separate database for the config server.

mkdir /data/configdb

Step 2) Start the mongodb instance in configuration mode. Suppose if we have a server named Server D which would be our configuration server, we would need to run the below command to configure the server as a configuration server.

mongod –configdb ServerD: 27019

Step 3) Start the mongos instance by specifying the configuration server

mongos –configdb ServerD: 27019

Step 4) From the mongo shell connect to the mongo's instance

mongo –host ServerD –port 27017

Step 5) If you have Server A and Server B which needs to be added to the cluster, issue the below commands

sh.addShard("ServerA:27017")
sh.addShard("ServerB:27017")

Step 6) Enable sharding for the database. So if we need to shard the Employeedb database, issue the below command

sh.enableSharding(Employeedb)

Step 7) Enable sharding for the collection. So if we need to shard the Employee collection, issue the below command

Sh.shardCollection("db.Employee" , { "Employeeid" : 1 , "EmployeeName" : 1})

Summary:

• As explained in tutorial, Sharding is a concept in MongoDB, which splits large data sets into small data sets across multiple MongoDB instances.