Cơ sở dữ liệu SQL Server: Tạo, sửa đổi, xóa và khôi phục

Cơ sở dữ liệu là gì?

A database is a collection of objects such as bảng, views, stored procedures, triggers, and functions. In SQL server, a database is the organized home where all of these related objects are stored and interlinked.

Consider a few examples from real life:

• A bookcase is where books reside.
• A home is where we live.
• A parking lot is where vehicles are parked, and such examples are countless.

Similarly, a database is a kind of home for all of our tables, views, and stored procedures. Technically, a database stores data in a well-organized manner for easy access and retrieval. In SQL Server, there are two types of databases:

• Cơ sở dữ liệu hệ thống: These are created automatically when you install SQL Server. They play a crucial role in the server, especially in ensuring that database objects run correctly. Examples of SQL Server system databases include master, msdb, model, tempdb, and resource.
• User databases: These are created by database users like you, who have been granted access to create databases.

Quy tắc tạo cơ sở dữ liệu

First, you need to know the basic rules for creating a new database:

• Tên cơ sở dữ liệu phải là duy nhất trong một phiên bản của SQL Server.
• Tên cơ sở dữ liệu có thể có tối đa 128 ký tự.
• The CREATE DATABASE statement must run in auto-commit mode.

The image below outlines the two available approaches for creating a database in SQL Server.

There are 2 ways to create a database in SQL Server:

• Xưởng quản lý máy chủ SQL
• Giao dịch-SQL

Cách tạo cơ sở dữ liệu trong SQL Server Management Studio

Here is a step-by-step process to create a database in SQL Server Management Studio:

Bước 1) Right-click on ‘Database’ in the ‘Object Explorer’ window and then select ‘New Database.’

The right-click menu with the New Database option is shown below.

Bước 2) The ‘New Database’ screen appears. Enter a ‘Database name’. The ‘Logical Name’ column is auto-populated with:

• Edu – Filetype: Rows Data and Filegroup: PRIMARY
• Edu_log – Filetype: LOG and Filegroup: ‘Not Applicable’

The New Database dialog with the database name and its logical files is shown below.

Đây:

• A) Edu (Filetype: Rows Data, Filegroup: PRIMARY) is the .mdf data file.
• B) Edu_log (Filetype: LOG, Filegroup: ‘Not Applicable’) is the .ldf log file.

Bước 3) (Optional) For more complex settings, you can navigate to the ‘Options’ and ‘Filegroups’ pages. At beginner level, creating the database from the General tab will suffice.

The Options and Filegroups pages are shown below.

Bước 4) Click on ‘Add’ (the OK button) to create the database.

The button that confirms creation is highlighted below.

Kết quả: The ‘Edu’ database is created. You can expand the database ‘Edu’, which will contain Tables, Views, and so on. These are initially blank until you create new tables, views, etc.

Xem truy vấn nguồn: You can view the source query of the newly created ‘Edu’ database. Navigate as follows: Right-click on the database name > Script Database as > CREATE To > New Query Editor Window.

Cửa sổ truy vấn: The generated CREATE script opens in a new query window, as shown below.

Tạo tập lệnh:

USE [master]
GO

CREATE DATABASE [Edu]
 CONTAINMENT = NONE
 ON  PRIMARY 
( NAME = N'Edu', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL14.SQL_MS\MSSQL\DATA\Edu.mdf' , SIZE = 8192KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 65536KB )
 LOG ON 
( NAME = N'Edu_log', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL14.SQL_MS\MSSQL\DATA\Edu_log.ldf' , SIZE = 8192KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB )

Tạo cơ sở dữ liệu với T-SQL

Another method is to write a T-SQL query to create a database and then execute it. Let us look at the simplest database-creation T-SQL query.

Cú pháp:

CREATE DATABASE <Database_name>

truy vấn:

CREATE DATABASE [Edu_TSQL_file]

Click on ‘Execute’ to run the query, as shown below.

Kết quả: You can see Edu_TSQL_file created in the SQL Object Explorer.

Now let us look at how to create a database with explicit .mdf and .ldf files. Here, you can give the file location as an explicit part of the query.

Cú pháp:

CREATE DATABASE database_name   
[ CONTAINMENT = { NONE | PARTIAL } ]  
[ ON   
      [ PRIMARY ] <filespec> [ ,...n ]   
      [ , <filegroup> [ ,...n ] ]   
      [ LOG ON <filespec> [ ,...n ] ]   
];

truy vấn:

CREATE DATABASE [Edu_TSQL_file]
 CONTAINMENT = NONE
 ON  PRIMARY 
( NAME = N'Edu_TSQL_file', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL14.SQL_MS\MSSQL\DATA\Edu_TSQL_file.mdf' , SIZE = 8192KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 65536KB )
 LOG ON 
( NAME = N'Edu_TSQL_file_log', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL14.SQL_MS\MSSQL\DATA\Edu_TSQL_file_log.ldf' , SIZE = 8192KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB )

The database created with its explicit data and log files appears in Object Explorer, as shown below.

Cách thay đổi cơ sở dữ liệu

Like the CREATE DATABASE query, you can also alter a database. You can rename the database, change a file location or setting, and more.

Basic rules for altering a database:

• The ALTER DATABASE statement must run in auto-commit mode.
• THAY ĐỔI CƠ SỞ DỮ LIỆU không được phép trong giao dịch rõ ràng hoặc ngầm định.

There are 2 ways to alter a database in SQL Server:

• Xưởng quản lý máy chủ SQL
• Giao dịch-SQL

Cách thay đổi cơ sở dữ liệu trong SQL Server Management Studio

Below are the steps to alter a database in SQL Server Management Studio. Let us try to alter the name of our pre-created database ‘Edu’. The pre-created Edu database is shown below in Object Explorer.

Bước 1) Rename the database. Right-click on the database name and click on ‘Rename’.

Bước 2) The database name becomes editable. Enter the new name and press Enter.

Kết quả: The database is now renamed as “Edu_Alter” from ‘Edu’.

Thay đổi cơ sở dữ liệu bằng Transact-SQL

Now let us alter a database using T-SQL.

Cú pháp:

ALTER DATABASE <Databse_name>              
MODIFY NAME = <New Name>

truy vấn:

ALTER DATABASE Edu_TSQL
MODIFY NAME = Edu_TSQL_Alter;

Chạy truy vấn trên bằng cách nhấp vào 'Thực thi'.

Kết quả: The database is now renamed as “Edu_TSQL_Alter” from ‘Edu_TSQL’, as shown below.

Cú pháp chung: The full ALTER DATABASE syntax supports many options, including renaming, collation, file options, and the compatibility level.

ALTER DATABASE { database_name  | CURRENT }  
{   MODIFY NAME = new_database_name   
  | COLLATE collation_name  
  | <file_and_filegroup_options>  
  | SET <option_spec> [ ,...n ] [ WITH <termination> ] 
  | SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = { 140 | 130 | 120 | 110 | 100 | 90 }   
} ;

Lưu ý: The compatibility levels shown above reflect older releases. Current versions add 150 (SQL Server 2019), 160 (SQL Server 2022), and 170 (SQL Server 2025), while still supporting several earlier levels.

Changing the .mdf/.ldf file name

truy vấn:

Alter DATABASE Edu_TSQL_Alter;
MODIFY FILE ( NAME = Edu_TSQL, NEWNAME = Edu_TSQL_newName );

The renamed logical file is reflected in the database properties, as shown below.

Changing the .mdf/.ldf file location

truy vấn:

Alter DATABASE Edu_TSQL_Alter;
MODIFY FILE ( NAME = Edu_TSQL_NewName, FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL14.SQL_MS\MSSQL\DATA\New_File\Edu_TSQL_log.ldf' );

The updated file path for the database is shown below.

Xóa cơ sở dữ liệu

There are 2 ways to delete (drop) a database in SQL Server:

• Xưởng quản lý máy chủ SQL
• Giao dịch-SQL

Cách loại bỏ cơ sở dữ liệu trong SQL Server Management Studio

Following is the process to drop a database in SQL Server Management Studio. Let us try to delete our pre-created database ‘Edu_Alter’.

Bước 1) Right-click on the database, click on ‘Delete’, and then click ‘OK’.

Kết quả: ‘Edu_Alter’ is deleted from the ‘Object Explorer’ database list.

Xóa cơ sở dữ liệu bằng Transact-SQL

Let us try to delete our pre-created database ‘Edu_TSQL_Alter’.

Cú pháp:

DROP DATABASE <Databse_name>

truy vấn:

USE master;  
GO  
DROP DATABASE Edu_TSQL_Alter;  
GO

Chạy truy vấn trên bằng cách nhấp vào 'Thực thi'.

Kết quả: ‘Edu_TSQL_Alter’ is deleted from the ‘Object Explorer’ database list, as shown below.

Khôi phục cơ sở dữ liệu trong SQL Server

You can create a database by restoring a database that you had backed up earlier. It can be done by running the RESTORE DATABASE command, which takes the following syntax:

restore Database <database name> from disk = '<Backup file location + filename>

The query should be executed within the query window, just like the previous commands. For example:

restore database Edu from disk = 'C:\Backup\Edu_full_backup.bak'

You can also use the GUI navigation: Right-click on Database > Restore Database > Device > import the backup file > click OK.

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