软件工程中的变更控制流程及步骤

由： 查尔斯·摩尔 查尔斯·摩尔
Hours 更新

⚡ 智能摘要

Change Control is the formal process a company uses to document, identify, and authorise changes to an IT environment, cutting the risk of unauthorised alterations, disruption, and errors across projects, applications, and infrastructure.

  • 📚 定义： Change Control formalises how a change is requested, assessed, approved, implemented, and closed inside an IT environment.
  • 📋 关键文件： A Change Log and a Change Request Form together capture priority, owner, cost, benefits, impact, and approval status.
  • 💼 Five Core Steps: Identification, assessment, analysis, approval, and implementation form the standard change control workflow.
  • ????️ Change Control Board: The CCB evaluates risk, complexity, and impact for changes above an agreed threshold before approval.
  • 🔁 Management vs. Control: Change Management sets the strategy for adopting change, while Change Control governs each individual request.
  • ✅ 商业冲击： Disciplined change control reduces outages, protects scope, and keeps audit and compliance trails intact.
阅读更多

Change Control Process in Software Engineering

什么是变更控制？

变更控制是公司用来 记录、识别和授权变更 到 IT 环境。它减少了系统中未经授权的更改、破坏和错误的可能性。

为什么要变更控制？

Whenever stakeholders request new or different changes to the system, those changes are neither optional nor ignorable. The changes must be implemented without disrupting other components of the system. This is where change control becomes useful. It helps project teams modify project scope using defined controls and policies. Change Control is practiced whenever a project deviates from the plan.

A formal change request document must be completed and reviewed to keep control of every change request.

Common questions raised while analysing a change control request include:

  • 谁会批准这一改变？
  • Does it need to be reviewed by a change control board?
  • How much time is required to research and implement the change?
  • 系统其他组成部分（时间表、成本、资源等）的变化有何影响？
  • Is there a threshold below which project management can approve it directly?

Different Factors of the Change Control Process

变更控制流程应考虑多种因素

变更控制流程的步骤 变更控制中采取的行动
变更请求发起和控制 Change requests should be standardised and reviewed by management, and the requestor should be kept informed.
对影响的评估 Every change request should be assessed in a structured way to analyse potential impacts.
变更的控制和记录 A change log should record the date, the person who made the change, and the change itself. Only authorised individuals should be allowed to make changes, and a rollback process should be defined.
文件和程序 Whenever system changes are implemented, the related procedures and documents should be updated to match.
授权维修 System access rights should be controlled to prevent unauthorised access.
测试和用户签核 Software should be thoroughly tested, and business users should sign off before release.
版本控制 Production source code should be version controlled so only the latest approved build is deployed.
紧急变更 A verbal authorisation should be obtained and the change documented as soon as possible.

变更控制流程

Before diving into the change control process, it is helpful to familiarise ourselves with the documents used in Change Control. Two documents are central to Change Control:

  • 更改日志: A change log lists details of every Change Request — project number, PCR (Project Change Request) ID, priority, owner, target date, status, status date, raised by, and date raised.

变更控制流程

  • 变更申请表: It captures the details needed for decision making — type of change, benefits, requestor, time and cost estimate, priority, approver, and change request status.

变更控制流程

Change Process Flow Diagram

The change process follows a specific pattern to implement changes in the product or system. The flow diagram below shows the steps involved.

变更控制流程

相关文章

Steps in the Change Control Process

变更控制步骤 操作
变更请求标识 Identify the need for a change and describe it on the Project Change Request form.
变更请求评估 If the change is not valid, defer or reject it. Assign the resources needed to analyse the request, complete a quick impact assessment, and update the change request form. Rejected requests stop at this stage.
变更请求分析 Assign the change request to an authorised member for full analysis. Deferred changes re-enter this step, and rejected requests stop here.
变更请求批准 Identify the risk, complexity, and impact of the change before approval. Route the change request to the authorised approver for a decision. Rejected requests stop at this stage.
变更请求实施 Update project procedures and management plans, inform the team, monitor progress, record completion, and close the change request.

注意: Change Control approval may be granted by the Project Manager, IT Lead or Lead Developer, or a designated Stakeholder.

Change Management vs. Change Control

变更管理 更改控制
Manages and controls change requests across IT infrastructure and services to minimise disruption and maximise business benefit. Covers the submission, recording, analysis, and approval of a change to improve the overall performance of the system or product.

常见问题

AI-powered ITSM tools automate impact analysis, risk scoring, ticket routing, and duplicate-change detection. Machine learning models learn from historical incidents and flag risky changes for the Change Advisory Board before deployment.

Copilot and GPT can draft change request forms, generate rollback plans, and summarise commit histories into readable impact statements. Business Analysts still review each draft against the CCB template before submission.

The Change Advisory Board is a cross-functional group that reviews high-risk or high-impact change requests. Members typically include operations, security, application owners, and business stakeholders who assess risk and approve or reject the change.

现在服务， Jira Service Management, BMC Helix, Freshservice, and Ivanti Neurons ITSM all provide change control workflows aligned with ITIL. They log requests, run approvals, capture rollback plans, and integrate with CI/CD pipelines.

ITIL defines three change types: Standard changes are pre-approved and low risk, Normal changes need CAB review, and Emergency changes bypass full review to resolve urgent incidents but still require post-implementation documentation.

Common roles include the Change Requestor, Change Manager, Change Advisory Board, Business Analyst, Project Manager, Approver, and Implementer. Together they raise, assess, approve, execute, and close every change against agreed controls.

Agile teams handle change through backlog refinement, sprint planning, and Definition of Ready reviews. Formal CCB approval is reserved for changes that affect scope, budget, contracts, or regulated systems outside the sprint boundary.

Common mistakes include skipping impact assessment, missing rollback plans, unclear approval thresholds, poor audit trails, treating every change as emergency, and failing to notify affected teams. Each mistake increases the risk of outage and rework.

总结一下这篇文章：