Django tutorial: Značajke, Architekstura i povijest

By: Anna Blake Anna Blake
Hours Ažurirano

⚡ Pametni sažetak

Django is a free, open-source Python web framework built on the model-view-template pattern, enabling rapid development of secure, scalable, database-driven websites through reusable components, an automatic admin interface, and batteries-included design.

  • 🔘 Okvir: Django je visokorazinski Python framework for building complex, database-driven web applications quickly.
  • ☑️ Architekstura: The model-view-template (MVT) pattern lets Django manage the controller and separate data, logic, and presentation.
  • ✅ Baterije uključene: Built-in admin, authentication, forms, and internationalization remove most repetitive setup work.
  • 🛠️ Sigurnost: Default safeguards block CSRF, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, and clickjacking attacks.
  • 🧪 skala: Instagram, Pinterest, Mozilla, and Disqus rely on Django to serve very high traffic.
  • 🤖 IMATI: Django serves machine learning models as APIs, and assistants like GitHub Copilot speed up backend coding.
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Django tutorial za početnike

Django powers some of the largest sites on the web while keeping everyday development fast and organized. Before exploring its features, architecture, and history, the sections below start with the basics of web frameworks and what makes Django distinct.

Sažetak Django vodiča

This Django tutorial covers all the basic topics from scratch. In this tutorial, you will learn concepts such as what Django is, its history, its features, the characteristics of the Django framework, the components of Django, its advantages and disadvantages, and much more.

Before learning Django, let us understand:

Što je web okvir?

A web framework is a code library that helps you build a flexible, scalable, and maintainable dynamic website, web app, or web service. Different web frameworks include Zend for PHP, Ruby na tračnicama for Ruby, and others.

Što je Django?

Django je okvir za web razvoj za Python which offers standard methods for fast and effective website development. The primary goal of this high-level web framework is to create complex database-driven websites. It helps you build and maintain quality web applications. It enables you to make the development process smooth and time-saving for rapid development.

Zašto Django? Ključne prednosti Djanga

Evo glavnih prednosti Djanga:

  • Django is easy to set up and run. It offers a variety of options to get started.
  • It provides a ready-to-use user interface for administrative activities.
  • It enables multilingual websites by using its built-in internationalization system.
  • It helps you to meet massive traffic demands quickly.
  • Django is used to build all types of content management systems, social networks, as well as scientific computing platforms.
  • Django helps you to provide end-to-end application testing.
  • It helps you to document your API with an HTML output.
  • The REST framework has rich support for several authentication protocols.
  • It offers permissions and throttling policies.
  • Široko se koristi za API zahtjeve za ograničenje brzine od jednog korisnika.

Povijest Djanga

Godina Prekretnica
2003 The project was started by Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison as an internal project at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper.
srpanj 2005 It was released in July 2005 as “Django,” named after the jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt.
lipnja 2008 It was declared that a Django Software Foundation (DSF) bi održavao Django.
Srpanj 29 2009 Django 1.1 was released with features like aggregates and transaction-based tests.
17 svibnja 2010 Django 1.2 was released. The update offered features like multiple databases and an email backend, and improvements were made for sessions and cookies.
Ožujak 23 2011 The 1.3 version introduced features like class-based views and static files.
Ožujak 23 2012 The 1.4 version launched with new features like time zones and in-browser testing.
Veljače 26 2013 The 1.5 version came with Python 3 support and configurable user model features.
Studenog 6 2013 The 1.6 version came with database transaction management and connection pooling features.
2 rujna 2014 The 1.7 version had new features like application loading, migrations, and configuration.
1 travnja 2015 Native support was provided for multiple template engines.
1 prosinac 2015 In the 1.9 version, an automatic password validation feature was introduced.
Kolovoz 1 2016 In the 1.10 version, full-text search for PostgreSQL lansiran je.
4 travnja 2017 The 1.11 version became the last version to support Python 2.7.
2 prosinac 2017 Version 2.0 became the first Python 3-only release version.
Kolovoz 1 2018 Version 2.1 came with model “view” permission support features.
2021 Removed support for Django 3.0 and added Django 3.2 support.

Now in this Django for beginners tutorial, let us learn about the features of Django.

Značajke Djanga

Ispod su značajke Djanga:

  • Pomaže vam definirati obrasce za URLs in your application.
  • Jednostavno, ali moćno URL sustav.
  • Built-in authentication system.
  • An object-oriented programming language database which offers best-in-class data storage and retrieval.
  • The automatic admin interface feature allows the functionality of adding, editing, and deleting items. You can customize the admin panel as per your need.
  • The cache framework comes with multiple cache mechanisms.

Now in this Django framework tutorial, we will learn about the characteristics of Django.

POVEZANI ČLANCI

Karakteristike Djanga

Evo glavnih karakteristika Djanga:

  • Labavo spojeni – Django helps you to make each element of its stack independent of the others.
  • Less kod – Ensures effective development.
  • Not repeated – Everything should be developed in precisely one place instead of repeating it again.
  • Brz razvoj – Django offers fast and reliable application development.
  • Consistent design – Django maintains a clean design and makes it easy to follow the best web development practices.

Zatim ćemo u ovom Django vodiču za početnike učiti o arhitekturi Djanga.

Django Architekstura: MVC i MVT

Ispod je detaljna arhitektura Djanga:

Django Architektura

Django Architektura

MVC obrazac

When talking about applications which provide a UI (web or desktop), we usually talk about MVC architecture. The MVC pattern is based on Model, View, and Controller.

The Model defines the data structure and takes care of querying the database.

The Pogled definira koji podaci trebaju biti predstavljeni i vraća HTTP odgovor.

The kontrolor is the part of the application that handles the user interaction.

Django MVC-MVT uzorak

The Model-View-Template (MVT) is a different concept compared to MVC. The main difference between these two architectural patterns is that Django itself manages the Controller part (the software code that controls the interactions between the Model and View). The template is an HTML file which is mixed with a Django Template Language file, also called DTL.

The diagram below shows how all the components of the MVT pattern interact with each other to serve a specific user request.

Django Architekstura: MVC i MVT

MVT proširenje Architektura

As seen in the diagram above, a user requests a resource from Django. Django acts as a controller and checks for the available resource in the URL.

Ako URL maps, a view is called that interacts with the model and template. Django then responds to the user and sends a template as a response.

Now in this Django tutorials for beginners series, we will learn about the components of Django.

Komponente Djanga

Oblik

Django ima snažnu biblioteku obrazaca koja rukuje iscrtavanjem obrazaca kao HTML-a. Knjižnica pomaže u potvrđivanju dostavljenih podataka i njihovom pretvaranju u Python vrste.

Ovjera

It handles user accounts, groups, cookie-based user sessions, and more.

Admin

Čita metapodatke u vašim modelima kako bi pružio robusno sučelje koje se može koristiti za upravljanje sadržajem na vašoj stranici.

internacionalizam

Django provides support for translating text into various languages, and locale-specific formatting of dates, times, numbers, and time zones.

Sigurnost

Django provides safeguards against the following attacks:

  • Krivotvorenje zahtjeva na različitim mjestima (CSRF)
  • Skriptiranje na više mjesta
  • SQL injekcija
  • Jahanje klikova
  • Daljinsko izvršavanje koda

Poznate tvrtke koje koriste Django

Here are companies that are using Django:

  • Bitbucket
  • Disqus
  • NASA
  • PBS (Public Broadcasting Service)
  • Pinterest
  • Instagram
  • Mozilla
  • Washington Post
  • The New York Times
  • Los Angeles Times
  • Čuvar
  • National Geographic
  • Discovery Channel

Nedostaci korištenja Djanga

Here are some disadvantages of using Django:

  • A single process cannot handle multiple requests simultaneously.
  • Django is a very monolithic tool.
  • Components get deployed together, which can create confusion.
  • Knowledge of the full system is needed to work on Django.
  • It makes web application components tightly coupled.
  • Morate dugo programirati za manje zadatke.

Pitanja i odgovori

Django is primarily a backend framework, though it is often described as full-stack because its template layer renders HTML. It manages server-side logic, databases, routing, and security, while templates handle presentation for the browser.

Django is a batteries-included, full-stack framework with a built-in ORM, admin panel, and authentication. Flask is a lightweight microframework that stays minimal and relies on extensions for those same features, giving developers more manual control.

The Django ORM, or object-relational mapper, lets you define database tables as Python classes and query them with Python code instead of raw SQL. It supports databases such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLitei Oracle.

Run python -m django –version at the command line, or open a Python shell and run import django followed by print(django.get_version()). Both display the installed Django release number.

Middleware is a series of hooks that processes every request and response globally. Django uses middleware for sessions, authentication, CSRF protection, and security headers, each running in order before and after your view executes.

Radno znanje o Python and basic web concepts such as HTTP, HTML, and databases is required. Understanding object-oriented programming makes Django models and class-based views much easier to learn.

Yes. Django frequently serves machine learning models through views or the Django REST Framework, exposing predictions as API endpoints. A trained model loads once at startup and returns inference results to web or mobile clients.

GitHub Copilot and similar AI assistants autocomplete Django models, views, URL patterns, and tests, and can scaffold repetitive boilerplate. They speed up development, though generated code should always be reviewed for security and correctness.

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