--- description: This Puppet Tutorial for Beginners covers puppet definition, Puppet Versions, How Puppet Works, Resources, Puppet Blocks, Classes, Class Declaration, etc. title: Puppet Tutorial for Beginners: Basics & DSL image: https://www.guru99.com/images/puppet-tutorial-basics-dsl.png --- [Skip to content](#main) **⚡ Smart Summary** Puppet is an open-source configuration management platform that automates how servers are provisioned, configured, and kept consistent. It applies infrastructure as code through a declarative domain specific language, replacing repetitive manual administration across large server fleets. * 🧩 **Configuration Management:** Puppet keeps servers, storage, and networks in a known, consistent state and preserves an auditable history of every change. * 🏗️ **Master-Agent Architecture:** A Linux master compiles catalogs, and agents on Linux, Windows, Solaris, or Mac OS apply them over secure certificates. * 🔄 **Pull Model:** Agents check in every 1800 seconds, pull the required Puppet code, and correct any configuration drift on the node. * 🧠 **Declarative DSL:** Written in Ruby, Puppet uses a declarative language, so you define the desired end state instead of step-by-step commands. * 🧱 **Building Blocks:** Resources, classes, manifests, and modules structure reusable code, with 49 built-in core resource types available by default. * ⚙️ **Hands-on NTP Example:** Define and declare a class, validate it with puppet parser validate, then apply the manifest using puppet apply. [ Read More ](javascript:void%280%29;) ![Puppet tutorial explaining configuration management basics, master-agent architecture, and the declarative DSL](https://www.guru99.com/images/puppet-tutorial-basics-dsl.png) Puppet is an open-source configuration management tool that lets you define infrastructure as code and keep large fleets of servers in a consistent, repeatable state. Before we learn Puppet, let us first understand configuration management. ## What is Configuration Management? Configuration management is the process of maintaining software and computer systems — such as servers, storage, and networks — in a known, desired, and consistent state. It also provides access to an accurate historical record of system state for project management and audit purposes. System administrators mostly perform repetitive tasks, such as installing servers and configuring them. These professionals can automate this work by writing scripts. However, this becomes a difficult job when they work on a massive infrastructure. Configuration management tools such as Puppet were introduced to resolve these issues. ## What is Puppet? **Puppet** is a system management tool for centralizing and automating the configuration management process. Puppet is also used as a software deployment tool. It is open-source configuration management software, widely used for server configuration, management, deployment, and the orchestration of various applications and services across the whole infrastructure of an organization. Puppet is specially designed to manage the configuration of Linux and Windows systems. It is written in Ruby and uses its unique **D**omain **S**pecific **L**anguage (DSL) to describe system configuration. ## What are the Puppet versions? Puppet comes in two versions: * **Open Source Puppet**: It is a basic version of the Puppet configuration management tool, also known as Open Source Puppet. It is available directly from Puppet’s website and is licensed under the Apache 2.0 system. * **Puppet Enterprise**: A commercial version that offers features such as compliance reporting, orchestration, role-based access control, a GUI, an API, and command-line tools for the effective management of nodes. ## What Puppet can do? For example, suppose you have an infrastructure with about 100 servers. As a system administrator, it is your role to ensure that all these servers are always up to date and running with full functionality. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor1.jpg) System Admin working manually on the servers To do this, you can use Puppet, which lets you write simple code that can be deployed automatically on these servers. This reduces human effort and makes the development process fast and effective. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor2.jpg) Puppet automates Server Management **Puppet performs the following functions:** * Puppet allows you to define distinct configurations for every host. * The tool allows you to continuously monitor servers to confirm whether the required configuration exists and has not been altered. If the configuration is changed, Puppet reverts to the pre-defined configuration on the host. * It also provides control over every configured system, so a centralized change is automatically effected everywhere. * It is also used as a deployment tool, because it automatically deploys software to the system. It implements **infrastructure as code, because policies and configurations are written as code.** ## Puppet DSL and Programming Paradigms Before we learn the Puppet DSL, let us understand programming paradigms. A programming paradigm is a style that you use in computer programming. **Four types of paradigms are:** * Imperative. * Declarative. * Functional (which is considered a subset of the declarative paradigm). * Object-oriented. We will focus on the imperative and declarative paradigms. ### Imperative Paradigms This programming paradigm expresses the logic of a computation (what to do) and also describes its control flow (how to do it). **Example:** Assume you are going to your office. You book a cab and start giving step-by-step directions to the driver until you reach the office. Specifying what to do and how to do it is an imperative style. ### Declarative Paradigms This programming paradigm expresses the logic of a computation (what to do) without describing its control flow (how to do it). **Example:** Assume you are going to your office. You book an Uber cab and specify only the final destination (the office). Specifying what to do, but not how to do it, is a declarative style. | Paradigm | What to do | How to do | | ----------- | ---------- | --------- | | Imperative | Yes | Yes | | Declarative | Yes | No | ### RELATED ARTICLES * [Kubernetes Tutorial for Beginners ](https://www.guru99.com/kubernetes-tutorial.html "Kubernetes Tutorial for Beginners") * [13 BEST Open Source ITSM Tools (2026) ](https://www.guru99.com/best-itsm-tools.html "13 BEST Open Source ITSM Tools (2026)") * [6 BEST Zoom Alternatives (2026) ](https://www.guru99.com/zoom-alternatives.html "6 BEST Zoom Alternatives (2026)") * [Top 50 Splunk Interview Questions and Answers (2026) ](https://www.guru99.com/splunk-interview-questions.html "Top 50 Splunk Interview Questions and Answers (2026)") ### Puppet uses a declarative programming paradigm Puppet uses a declarative programming approach. **Example:** Create a user on the system. It can be done using an imperative programming pattern with a shell script. Here, we specify how to create the user and what commands to use on the [operating system](https://www.guru99.com/operating-system-tutorial.html). [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor3.jpg) However, it can also be done using a declarative programming pattern with only a few lines of Puppet code and the Puppet domain specific language (DSL), and still achieve the same result. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor4.jpg) ## Deployment models of configuration management tools There are two deployment models for [configuration management tools](https://www.guru99.com/software-configuration-management-tools.html): * Push-based deployment model: initiated by a master node. * Pull-based deployment model: initiated by agents. ### Push-based deployment model In this deployment model, the master server pushes the configurations and software to the individual agents. After verifying a secure connection, the master runs commands remotely on the agents. For example, [Ansible](https://www.guru99.com/ansible-tutorial.html) and Salt Stack. ### Pull-based deployment model In this deployment model, individual servers contact a master server, verify and establish a secure connection, download their configurations and software, and then configure themselves accordingly — for example, Puppet and Chef. ## How Puppet works? Puppet is based on a pull deployment model, where the agent nodes check in regularly — after every **1800** seconds — with the master node to see if anything needs to be updated on the agent. If an update is required, the agent pulls the necessary Puppet code from the master and performs the required actions. Let us explain this with an example of a master-agent setup. ### The Master This is a Linux-based machine with the Puppet master software installed on it. It is responsible for maintaining configurations in the form of Puppet code. The master node can only be Linux. ### The Agents These are the target machines managed by Puppet, with the Puppet agent software installed on them. The agent can be configured on any supported operating system, such as Linux, Windows, Solaris, or Mac OS. The communication between the master and the agent is established through secure certificates. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor5.jpg) Puppet Master Agent Communication ### Communication between the Master and the Agent **Step 1)** Once the connectivity is established between the agent and the master, the Puppet agent sends data about its state to the Puppet master server. These are called Facts, and this information includes the hostname, kernel details, IP address, file name details, and so on. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor6.jpg) Agent Sends Facts to Master **Step 2)** The Puppet master uses this data and compiles a list of the configuration to be applied to the agent. This list of configuration to be performed on an agent is known as a **catalog**. It could include package installation, upgrades or removals, file system creation, user creation or deletion, server reboot, IP configuration changes, and so on. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor7.jpg) Master sends a catalog to Agent **Step 3)** The agent uses this list of configuration to apply any required configuration changes on the node. If there are no drifts in the configuration, the agent does not perform any configuration changes and leaves the node running with the same configuration. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor8.jpg) Agent applies configuration **Step 4)** Once it is done, the node reports back to the Puppet master, indicating that the configuration has been applied and completed. ## Puppet Blocks Puppet provides the flexibility to integrate reports with third-party tools using Puppet APIs. **Four types of Puppet building blocks are:** 1. Resources 2. Classes 3. Manifest 4. Modules ### Puppet Resources Puppet resources are the building blocks of Puppet. Resources are the **inbuilt functions** that run at the back end to perform the required operations in Puppet. ### Puppet Classes A combination of different resources can be grouped together into a single unit called a class. ### Puppet Manifest A manifest is a directory containing Puppet DSL files. These files have a .pp extension, which stands for Puppet program. The Puppet code consists of definitions or declarations of Puppet classes. ### Puppet Modules Modules are a collection of files and directories, such as manifests and class definitions. They are the re-usable and sharable units in Puppet. For example, the [MySQL](https://www.guru99.com/mysql-tutorial.html) module installs and configures MySQL, and the [Jenkins](https://www.guru99.com/jenkins-tutorial.html) module manages Jenkins. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor9.jpg) Puppet Modules ## Types of Puppet resources In general, a system consists of files, users, services, processes, packages, and so on. In Puppet, these are called resources, and they are the fundamental building blocks of Puppet. All the operations on Puppet agents are performed with the help of Puppet resources. Puppet resources are the readymade tools used to perform various tasks and operations on any supported platform. We can use a single Puppet resource to perform a specific task, or we can use multiple Puppet resources together to perform complex application configuration deployments. Resources can have different types. Puppet uses **resources** and **resource types** in order to describe a system’s configuration. **There are three kinds of resource types:** 1. Puppet core or built-in resource types. 2. Puppet defined resource types. 3. Puppet custom resource types. ### Puppet core or built-in resource types Core or built-in resource types are the pre-built Puppet resource types shipped with the Puppet software. All of the core or built-in Puppet resource types are written and maintained by the Puppet team. ### Puppet defined resource types Defined resource types are lightweight resource types written in the Puppet declarative language using a combination of existing resource types. ### Puppet custom resource types Custom resource types are completely customized resource types written in Ruby. Let us explore Puppet resource types further. In the terminal, type the following command to display a list of Puppet-related subcommands: Puppet --help [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor11.png) In our case, we are interested in the subcommand “**resource**“, which we will use to find information about the inbuilt Puppet resource types. In the terminal, type any of the following commands to display a list of **actions** associated with the Puppet subcommand “**resource**“: Puppet help resource Puppet resource --help [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor12.png) In this case, we have **resource** as the subcommand and **–types** as the action. Puppet has 49 inbuilt core resource types. In the terminal, type the following command to display a list of the available inbuilt Puppet resource types: puppet resource –types [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor13.png) Each type supports a list of **attributes**. These attributes provide a detailed description that Puppet uses to manage the resource. To find out all the attributes associated with a Puppet resource type, use the following command: puppet describe The parameters will list all the available attributes for that resource type. puppet describe package [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor14.png) It is hard for a new person to understand and relate many unmanaged Puppet code files. This is where we need some grouping to tie operations together. The aim is to solve a single problem, such as all the operations required to configure SSH on a server, an NTP service, or a complete web server or database server from scratch. ## What are Puppet Classes? Puppet classes are collections of Puppet resources bundled together as a single unit. Puppet introduced classes to make the structure re-usable and organized. First, we need to define a class using the class definition syntax. Classes must be unique and can be declared only once with the same name: class { } **Example:** class ntpconfig { file { "/etc/ntp.conf": ensure=> "present", content=> "server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst\n", } } So far, we have only defined the class; we have not used it anywhere. This means the code we have written will never be executed unless we declare this class elsewhere. ## Class Declaration To use a defined class in your code, use the **include** keyword. class ntpconfig { file { "/etc/ntp.conf": ensure=> "present", content=> "server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst\n", } } include ntpconfig Let us understand this with a real-world scenario. ## Demo install NTP First, make sure the NTP package is not already present on the server. The following command will return nothing if the NTP package is not present on the server: rpm -qa | grep -i ntp [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor17.png) As we can see, the NTP package is already present on the server. Let us remove the existing NTP package: yum remove ntp After removing the package, ensure that the ntp.conf file no longer exists: ls -lrt /etc/ntp.conf [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor20.png) Verify that the ntp service does not exist by running the following command: systemctl status ntp [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor22.png) Create a new .pp file to save the code. From the command line: vi demontp.pp Change to insert mode by pressing i on the keyboard. Type the following code to create a new file: # Class Definition class ntpconfig { # Installing NTP Package package {"ntp": ensure=> "present", } # Configuring NTP configuration file file {"/etc/ntp.conf": ensure=> "present", content=> "server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst\n", } # Starting NTP services service {"ntpd": ensure=> "running", } } After you are done editing, press esc. To save the file, press :wq! The next step is to **check** whether the code has any syntax errors. Execute the following command: puppet parser validate demontp.pp Make sure that you have switched to the **root** user to be able to complete the test without any error, by executing the command: su root **Test** is the next step in the code creation process. Execute the following command to perform a smoke test: Puppet applies demontp.pp --noop The last step is to **run** Puppet in real mode and verify the output. puppet apply demontp.pp Puppet did not perform anything because the demo class was just **defined** but not **declared**. So, until you declare the Puppet class, the code will not get applied. Let us **declare** the demo class inside the same code using **include class name** at the end of the code: # Class Definition class ntpconfig { # Installing NTP Package package {"ntp": ensure=> "present", } # Configuring NTP configuration file file {"/etc/ntp.conf": ensure=> "present", content=> "server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst\n", } # Starting NTP services service {"ntpd": ensure=> "running", } } # Class Declaration include ntpconfig Again, **check** whether the code has any syntax errors. Execute the following command: puppet parser validate demontp.pp Make sure that you have switched to the **root** user to be able to complete the test without any error, by executing the command: su root **Testing** is the next step in the code creation process. Execute the following command to perform a smoke test: Puppet apply demontp.pp --noop The last step is to **run** Puppet in real mode and verify the output. puppet apply demontp.pp This time, the code gets applied because the class was defined and then declared. [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor34.png) Ensure that ntp.conf now exists: ls -lrt /etc/ntp.conf Verify that the ntp service has been started by running the following command: systemctl status ntpd [](https://www.guru99.com/images/1/040419%5F0544%5FPuppetTutor37.png) ## FAQs 🧰 What language is Puppet written in? Puppet is written in Ruby. It uses its own declarative Domain Specific Language (DSL) so that administrators describe the desired system state instead of scripting each step. The Puppet DSL is inspired by Ruby, but you do not need to know Ruby to write manifests. ⚖️ What is the difference between Puppet and Ansible? Puppet uses a declarative, agent-based pull model and its own DSL, so nodes fetch catalogs from a master. [Ansible](https://www.guru99.com/ansible-tutorial.html) is agentless and pushes YAML playbooks over SSH. Puppet suits long-term state enforcement, while Ansible is simpler for quick, on-demand orchestration. 🔌 What port does the Puppet master use? By default, the Puppet master, also called Puppet Server, listens on TCP port 8140\. Puppet agents connect to this port over HTTPS to submit facts and download their compiled catalogs. Make sure port 8140 is open in the firewall between the agents and the master. 🖥️ Which operating systems does Puppet support? The Puppet master must run on Linux. Puppet agents run on many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Solaris, and Mac OS. This cross-platform agent support lets a single Puppet master manage a mixed fleet of servers and workstations from one central place. 🧩 What is Puppet Forge? Puppet Forge is the public repository of pre-built Puppet modules shared by Puppet and the community. Instead of writing manifests from scratch, you can download modules that install and configure software such as [MySQL](https://www.guru99.com/mysql-tutorial.html) or [Jenkins](https://www.guru99.com/jenkins-tutorial.html), then adapt them to your environment. 🔄 Is Puppet still relevant in 2026? Yes. Puppet remains a widely used configuration management and infrastructure-as-code tool, now maintained by Perforce. Puppet 8 is the current major release, and it still supports both Open Source Puppet and the commercial Puppet Enterprise for managing large-scale server fleets. 🤖 How can AI help write and debug Puppet manifests? AI assistants can generate Puppet DSL from plain-language prompts, explain existing manifests, and flag syntax or logic errors before you run puppet parser validate. Tools such as [ChatGPT](https://chatgpt.com) speed up authoring, but always review the generated resources for correct paths and idempotency. 🛠️ Can GitHub Copilot generate Puppet DSL code? Yes. [GitHub Copilot](https://github.com/features/copilot) autocompletes Puppet manifests, resource declarations, and class definitions from a short comment or file context. Review its output for correct resource types, attribute names, and dependencies, because generated code can reference outdated modules or defaults. #### Summarize this post with: ChatGPT Perplexity Grok Google AI **Stay Updated on AI** **Get Weekly AI Skills, Trends, Actionable Advice.** ##### Sign up for the newsletter Subscribe for Free You have successfully subscribed. 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