PHP preg_match(): regulární výrazy (regex)

⚡ Chytré shrnutí

Regular Expressions in PHP are pattern-matching tools that validate, split, and replace text in a single expression. This walkthrough covers the core functions preg_match, preg_split, and preg_replace, explains the common metacharacters, and builds a working email validation pattern step by step.

  • 🧩 What Regex Is: A regular expression is a pattern that describes text, letting one function validate, search, or transform strings.
  • (Tj. preg_match: preg_match tests whether a pattern appears in a string and returns true on the first match, ideal for validation.
  • ✂️ preg_split: preg_split breaks a string into an array wherever the pattern occurs, such as splitting a sentence on spaces.
  • 🔁 preg_replace: preg_replace finds every match of a pattern and replaces it with new text, useful for templating and highlighting.
  • 🔤 Metaznaky: Symbols like ., ^, $, *, and + build complex patterns, for example anchoring a match to the start or end.
  • ???? Email Pattern: Character classes and quantifiers combine into a single pattern that checks whether an email address is well formed.
  • 🤖 AI Assist: AI tools can write a regex from a plain description and explain or debug a complex existing pattern.

PHP Regular Expressions

What is Regular expression in PHP?

PHP regular expressions, also known as regex, are a powerful pattern matching tool that can be performed in a single expression. Regular expressions use special characters such as +, -, and ^ to create complex expressions. They can help you accomplish tasks such as validating email addresses, IP addresses, and more.

Proč používat regulární výrazy

  • PHP regular expressions simplify identifying patterns in string data by calling a single function. This saves us coding time.
  • When validating user input such as email addresses, domain names, telephone numbers, and IP addresses
  • Zvýraznění klíčových slov ve výsledcích vyhledávání
  • Při vytváření vlastní HTML šablony. Regex v PHP lze použít k identifikaci značek šablon a jejich nahrazení skutečnými daty.

Vestavěné funkce regulárních výrazů v PHP

PHP has built-in functions that allow us to work with regular expressions, which we will learn in this tutorial. Let us look at the commonly used regular expression functions in PHP.

  • preg_match() in PHP – this function is used to perform pattern matching on a string. It returns true if a match is found and false if a match is not found.
  • preg_split() in PHP – this function is used to perform a pattern match on a string and then split the results into a numeric array.
  • preg_replace() v PHP – tato funkce se používá k provedení shody vzoru na řetězci a následné nahrazení shody zadaným textem.

Below is the syntax for a regular expression function such as preg_match(), preg_split(), or preg_replace().

<?php
function_name('/pattern/',subject);
?>

TADY,

  • “function_name(…)” is either preg_match(), preg_split(), or preg_replace().
  • “/…/” the forward slashes denote the beginning and end of our regular expression
  • “‘/pattern/'” is the pattern that we need to match
  • „předmět“ je textový řetězec, se kterým se má porovnávat

Let us now look at practical examples that implement the above PHP regex functions.

Preg_match() v PHP

The first example uses the preg_match() function to perform a simple pattern match for the word guru in a given URL.

The code below shows the implementation of the preg_match() function for the above example.

<?php
$my_url = "www.guru99.com";
if (preg_match("/guru/", $my_url))
{
echo "the url $my_url contains guru";
}
else
{
echo "the url $my_url does not contain guru";
}
?>

Přejděte na URL http://localhost/phptuts/preg_match_simple.php

Vestavěné funkce regulárních výrazů

Let us examine the part of the code responsible for our output, preg_match(‘/guru/’, $my_url). HERE,

  • „preg_match(…)“ je funkce regulárního výrazu PHP
  • „'/guru/'“ je vzor regulárního výrazu, který se má porovnat
  • „$my_url“ je proměnná obsahující text, se kterým se má porovnávat.

PHP Preg_split()

Let us now look at another example that uses the preg_split() function.

Vezmeme řetězcovou frázi a rozložíme ji do pole; vzor, ​​který má být spárován, je jedna mezera.

Textový řetězec, který má být použit v tomto příkladu, je „Miluji regulární výrazy“.

Níže uvedený kód ilustruje implementaci výše uvedeného příkladu.

<?php

$my_text = "I Love Regular Expressions";

$my_array = preg_split("/ /", $my_text);

print_r($my_array );

?>

Přejděte na URL http://localhost/phptuts/preg_split.php

PHP Preg_split()

PHP Preg_replace()

Let us now look at the preg_replace() Funkce PHP který provede shodu vzoru a poté vzor nahradí něčím jiným.

Níže uvedený kód hledá slovo guru v a šňůra.

It replaces the word guru with the word guru surrounded by CSS code that highlights the background color.

<?php

$text = "We at Guru99 strive to make quality education affordable to the masses. Guru99.com";

$text = preg_replace("/Guru/", '<span style="background:yellow">Guru</span>', $text);

echo $text;

?>

Assuming you have saved the file preg_replace.php, browse to the URL http://localhost/phptuts/preg_replace.php

PHP Preg_replace()

Metaznaky regulárních výrazů

The above examples used very basic patterns. Metacharacters allow us to perform more complex pattern matches, such as testing the validity of an email address. Let us now look at the commonly used metacharacters.

Metacharakter Description Příklad
. Odpovídá libovolnému jednotlivému znaku kromě nového řádku /./ odpovídá všemu, co má jeden znak
^ Matches the beginning of a string or excludes characters /^PH/ odpovídá libovolnému řetězci, který začíná PH
$ Matches a pattern at the end of the string /com$/ matches guru99.com, yahoo.com etc.
* Matches zero or more of the preceding characters /com*/ odpovídá počítači, komunikaci atd.
+ Requires the preceding character(s) appear at least once /yah+oo/ odpovídá yahoo
\ Used to escape metacharacters /yahoo+\.com/ považuje tečku za doslovnou hodnotu
[...] Třída postavy /[abc]/ matches a, b or c
AZ Odpovídá malým písmenům /az/ odpovídá cool, happy atd.
AZ Odpovídá velkým písmenům /AZ/ odpovídá CO, JAK, PROČ atd.
0-9 Odpovídá libovolnému číslu mezi 0 a 9 /0-4/ odpovídá 0,1,2,3,4

Výše uvedený seznam uvádí pouze nejběžněji používané metaznaky v regulárních výrazech.

Let us now look at a fairly complex example that checks the validity of an email address.

<?php
$my_email = "name@company.com";
if (preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z.]{2,5}$/", $my_email)) {
echo "$my_email is a valid email address";
}
else
{
echo "$my_email is NOT a valid email address";
}
?>

Explaining the Email Validation Pattern

TADY,

  • “/…/” starts and ends the regular expression
  • “^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]” matches any lower or upper case letters, numbers between 0 and 9, and dots, underscores, or dashes.
  • “+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]” matches the @ symbol followed by lower or upper case letters, numbers between 0 and 9, or dashes.
  • “+\.[a-zA-Z.]{2,5}$/” escapes the dot using the backslash, then matches any lower or upper case letters with a character length between 2 and 5 at the end of the string.

Přejděte na URL http://localhost/phptuts/preg_match.php

PHP Email Validation Pattern

As you can see from the above breakdown, metacharacters are very powerful when it comes to matching patterns.

Nejčastější dotazy

preg_match stops at the first match and fills $matches with that one result. preg_match_all finds every match in the string and returns them all in a nested array, which suits extracting repeated items.

Modifiers follow the closing delimiter and change matching behavior. The i modifier makes the pattern case insensitive, m treats each line separately for ^ and $, and s lets the dot match newlines, as in /guru/i.

Wrap parts of the pattern in parentheses to create capture groups. After preg_match, the full match is in $matches[0] and each group follows in $matches[1], $matches[2], and so on.

Yes. Describe the text you want to match, such as a phone number or date format, and AI can produce the pattern plus a preg_match example. Test it against real and edge-case inputs before relying on it.

Yes. Paste the pattern, and AI can break it down token by token, explain what each part matches, and point out why it fails on certain input, then suggest a corrected version.

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